The above downloadable file contains the pre-built circuits corresponding to the experiments in the VTU Analaog Electronics Lab course. This is a zip file.

1. Vtu Lab Manual For Analog Electronic Circuits
2. Digital Electronics Lab Manual
3. Electronic Lab Manual Pdf

After downloading it to your computer, unzip its contents to any folder on your machine. For unzipping, you can can use any zip utility. Most likely, some zip utility is already available on your computer.

If not, you can download any zip utility available on the internet (e.g., ). The unzipped individual circuit files will have the “.lab” file extension. To load these circuit files, simulate them, and view their operation, you need to have ElectricVLab already installed on your machine. To load a circuit file in ElectricVLab, you can use the Load My Circuit option under its File menu. As an example, if you load the file “ BridgeRectifierWithoutFilter.lab“, the view would look like what is shown at the beginning of the video below. ElectricVLab provides a visualization of the operation of the circuit.

You can interact with the circuit by changing the voltages, resistance values etc. This can really help to deepen your understanding.

You can also add/delete circuit elements or build your own circuits. Some of the benefits you get from ElectricVLab are the following. Strengthening your understanding of electronics and supplementing what you read in your textbooks. As a preparation before actually performing the lab experiment in hardware. Before the lab exam at the end of the semester, you can visually go over all the experiments done over the semester by loading these files one by one on your computer. The download file made available at the top of this page contains the circuits for the following experiments in the VTU Analog Electronics Lab course.

Aec manual for III SEM ECE Students VTU. 1. Different Resistor Types: Carbon film resistors: The size of the resistor decides its power rating (i.e., the maximum power it can dissipate without burning). Power rating from the top of the graph: 1/8 W 1/4 W 1/2 W Metal film resistors: Used when a higher tolerance (more accurate value) is needed. Power rating from the top of the graph: 1/8 W (tolerance ±1%) 1/4 W (tolerance ±1%) 1 W (tolerance ±5%) 2 W (tolerance ±5%) Reading resistor values from the colored bands: Single-In-Line (SIL) Resistor network:.

Variable Resistors: Wirewound resistors: Ceramic (or cement) resistor: Thermistor (thermally sensitive resistor ): SMD resistors (Surface-Mount Device):. Different Capacitor Types: Ceramic Capacitors: Limited to quite small values, but have high voltage ratings.

They range from 1pF to 0.47μF and are not polarized. Reading Ceramic Capacitor values: For the number: Mult iply by: LETTER TOLERANCE 1 0 pF or LESS TOLERANCE OVER 1 0 pF 0 1 B + / - 0.1pF 1 10 C + / -0.25pF 2 100 D + / - 0.5pF 3 1000 F + / - 1.0pF + / - 1% 4 10,000 G + / - 2.0pF + / - 2% 5 100,000 H + / - 3% J + / - 5% 8 0.01 K + / - 10% 9 0.1 M + / - 20% Example: 102 means 10 (and two zeroes) 00 or 1,000 pF or.001uF.

Electrolytic Capacitors (Electrochemical type capacitors): Used for all values above 0.1μF. Electrolytics have lower accuracy and temperature stability than most other types and are almost always polarised. It's usually best to only use an electrolytic when no other type can be used, or for all values over 100μF. From the left to right: 1μF (50V) 47μF (16V) 100μF (25V) 220μF (25V) 1000μF (50V). Tantalum Capacitors: Tantalum capacitors pack a large capacity into a relatively small and tough package compared to electrolytics, but have much smaller voltage ratings.

They are often polarized and range from 0.1μF to 100μF. From the left to right: 0.33 μF (35V) 0.47 μF (35V) 10 μF (35V) Polyester Film Capacitors (Green Caps): Ranging from 0.01μF to 5μF.

They are similar to ceramics with some larger values and a slightly larger construction. They are not polarized. Metallized Polyester Film Capacitors: SMD Capacitors: Variable Capacitors:. Different Inductor Types: Inductors: Reading Inductor values from color codes: High Frequency Coils (ferrite core): The Toroidal Coil:. Other interesting components: Diodes: LED (Light Emitting Diodes): Transistors: ICs (Integrated Circuits): Pin Numbers: Multimeters (Analog and Digital):. K.

S School of Engineering and Management Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering A LAB MANUAL ON ANALOG ELECTRONICS Subject Code: 10ESL37 (As per VTU Syllabus) PREPARED BY Staff members: Gopalakrishna Murthy C R Sanjay Naik Vinay R. AEC LAB MANUAL CONTENTS EXPT.

NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT PAGE NO. 01 Testing of Half wave, full wave and bridge rectifier circuits with and without Capacitor filter.

01 02 Testing of Clamping circuits for Positive and Negative clamping 10 03 Testing of Diode Clipping circuits (Single/Double ended) for peak clipping, peak detection. 16 04 RC coupled amplifier using BJT and FET 23 05 Testing for the performance of BJT- Hartley oscillator / Colpitt’s oscillator for RF range fo 100KHz. 31 06 Testing for the performance of BJT-Crystal oscillator for fo 100KHz.

38 07 Wiring and testing for the performance of BJT-RC phase shift oscillator for fo VR - VK D = OFF When Vi VR - VK D = OFF VO = Vref VO = 2V TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS 3.00 2.00 1.00 0.00 -6.00 -4.00 -2.00 0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 -1.00 -2.00 -3.00 -4.00 -5.00 Dept. Of ECE Page 21. AEC LAB MANUAL SERIES NEGATIVE CLIPPER Assume 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 VI VO 0 90 180 270 360 450 540 630 720 810 Vi = 10VP-P, R = 10K, Vref = 2V, VK = 0.6V Calculate VO. Case1: When Vi - VR - VK D = ON VO = Vi - VK Case 2: When Vi - VR - VK D = ON VO = VR TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS 6.00 5.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 0.00 -6.00 -4.00 -2.00 0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 -1.00 -2.00 -3.00 Dept. Of ECE Page 22.

AEC LAB MANUAL PARALLEL CLIPPING (DOUBLE ENDED) Assume 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 vi vo 0 90 180 270 360 450 540 630 720 810 Vi = 10VP-P, R = 10K, Vref1 = 1.4V, Vref2 = 1.4V, VK = 0.6V Calculate VO. Case1: Case 1: When Vi VRef1 + VK When Vi 1.4V + 0.6V VO = VRef1 + VK VO = 2V Case 2: Case 2: When Vi VRef2 + VK When Vi 1.4V + 0.6V VO = - VRef2 + VK VO = - 2V Case 3: Case 3: When - VRef2 + VK Vi 500KHz. COMPONENTS REQUIRED: Sl.No Components Range Quantity 1 Transistor SL-100 1 2 Crystal 2MHz 1 3 Resistors 22K, 2.7K, 47K, 470Ω, 1K POT 1 4 Capacitors 0.47μF, 47 μF 0.47 μF =2 47 μF=1 5 Variable power supply (0-30)V 1 6 Function Generator - 1 7 DSO - 1 8 Connecting wires - 1set THEORY: A crystal oscillator is basically a tuned oscillator using a pizeoelectric crystal asa resonant circuit. The crystal has a greatest stability in holding consant charge at whatever frequency the crystal is originally cut to operate. Crystal oscillators are used whenever great stability is required, such as communication, transmitters and recievers. Characteristics of a Quartz crystal A quartz crystal exihibits the property that whenever mechanical stress is applied across one set of its faces, a difference os potential develops acoss the opposite faces. This property of a crystal is called pizeoelectric effect.

Similarly, a voltage applied across one set of faces of the crystal causes mechanical distortion in the cryatal shape. When alternating voltage is applied to a crystal, mechanical vibrations are set up- these vibrations having a natural resonating frequency dependent on the crystal. The inductor L and the cappacitor C represents electrical equivalents of crystal mass and compliance respectively, whereas resistance R is an electrical equivalent of the crystal structures internal friction.

The shunt capacitance CM represents the capacitance due to mechanical mounting of the crystal. Because the crystal loses, represented by R, are small, the equivalent cryatal Q factor is high typically 20,000. Values of Q up to almost 106 can be achieved by using crystals. The crystal has two resonant frequencies. One resonant condition occurs when the reactances of the series RLC leg are equal. Of ECE, KSSEM Page 36.

AEC LAB MANUAL CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: Amplifier design: VCE = 5V, IC = 2mA, VCC = 2VCE = 10V VRE = ×VCC = ×10 = 1V RE = = = 500Ω. Choose 470 Ω. Choose 2.2KΩ. Assume hfe = 50 IB = = 0.04mA = 40μA VR2 = VBE – VBE = 1V + 0.6V = 1.6V & VR1 = VCC - VR2 = 10 – 1.6V = 8.4V Depat. Of ECE, KSSEM Page 37. AEC LAB MANUAL R2 = = = = = 4.7KΩ. R1 = = = = = 22KΩ.

PROCEDURE: 1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram. Measure the DC conditions. Vary the 1K potentiometer so as to get an undistorted sine wave at the output.

Note down the amplitude and frequency of the output wave and frequency haas to match with the theoritical frequency. RESULT: Frequency = Hz.

Amplitude = V. Of ECE, KSSEM Page 38. AEC LAB MANUAL RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR AIM: To generate the sinusoidal waveform of RF range using RC phase shift oscillator. COMPONENTS REQUIRED: Sl.No Components Range Quantity 1 Transistor SL-100 1 2 Resistors 22K,2.2K,47K,1K,1K and 10K POT 2.2K=4, Others=1 3 Capacitors 0.47μF, 0.02μF 0.47 μF =2 47 μF=1 4 Variable power supply (0-30)V 1 5 DSO - 1 6 Function Generator - 1 7 Connecting wires - 1 set. THEORY: The RC Oscillator which is also called a Phase Shift Oscillator produces a sine wave output signal using regenerative feedback from the resistor-capacitor combination.

This regenerative feedback from the RC network is due to the ability of the capacitor to store an electric charge, (similar to the LC tank circuit). This resistor-capacitor feedback network can be connected as shown in the figure to produce a leading phase shift (phase advance network) or interchanged to produce a lagging phase shift (phase retard network) the outcome is still the same as the sine wave oscillations only occur at the frequency at which the overall phase-shift is 360o. By varying one or more of the resistors or capacitors in the phase-shift network, the frequency can be varied and generally this is done using a 3-ganged variable capacitor. Since the resistor-capacitor combination in the RC Oscillator circuit also acts as an attenuator producing an attenuation of -1/29th (Vo/Vi = β) per stage, the gain of the amplifier must be sufficient to overcome the losses and in our three mesh network above the amplifier gain must be greater than 29. The loading effect of the amplifier on the feedback network has an effect on the frequency of oscillations and can cause the oscillator frequency to be up to 25% higher than calculated. Then the feedback network should be driven from a high impedance output source and fed into a low impedance load such as a common emitter transistor amplifier but better still is to use an operational amplifier as it satisfies these conditions perfectly. Of ECE, KSSEM Page 39.

AEC LAB MANUAL CIRCUIT DIAGRAM AMPLIFIER DESIGN: VCE = 5V, IC = 2mA, VCC = 2VCE = 10V VRE = ×VCC = ×10 = 1V RE = = = 500Ω. Choose 470 Ω. Choose 2.2KΩ. Assume hfe = 50 IB = = 0.04mA = 40μA Dept. Of ECE, KSSEM Page 40.

AEC LAB MANUAL VR2 = VBE – VBE = 1V + 0.6V = 1.6V & VR1 = VCC - VR2 = 10 – 1.6V = 8.4V R2 = = = = = 4.7KΩ. R1 = = = = = 22KΩ. FEEDBACK CIRCUIT DESIGN: If the frequency for the RC phase shift oscillator is say, 1 KHz, Then, fo = √ = 1KHz Where k, Choose k=1, so RC = R = 2.2KΩ.

Substituting these values in the frequency equation, we get C = 0.022μF. The current gain of the transistor, β 4K + 23 + PROCEDURE: 1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.

Vtu Lab Manual For Analog Electronic Circuits

Measure the DC conditions. Observe the sinusoidal waveform output and calculate the frequency using CRO/DSO. Measure the phase difference between the output and at points A,B,C. To observe the phase difference between the signals connect the output of the amplifier to channel1 of the CRO/DSO and connect A or B or C to channel2 of the CRO/DSO. Go to X-Y mode to observe the Lissajous figure, and also to measure the phase difference between the output and A or B or C.

RESULT: Dept. Of ECE, KSSEM Page 41. AEC LAB MANUAL VOLTAGE SERIES FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER AIM: To conduct an experiment on two-stage BJT small signal amplifier (with and without feedback). COMPONENTS AND EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED: Sl.No Components Range Quantity 1 Transistor SL-100 1 2 Resistors 22K,10K,2.2K,4.7K,470Ω,390 Ω,100 Ω 2 3 Capacitors 0.47μF,47μF 0.47 μF =3 47 μF=2 4 Variable power supply (0-30)V 1 5 DSO - 1 6 Function Generaator - 1 7 Connecting wires - 1 set THEORY: Feedback plays an important role in electronic circuits and the basic parameters such as input impedance, output impedance, voltage or current gain and band width, may be altered considerably in a desired direction by the use of feedback for a given amplifier.

In any of the feedback amplifiers, a part of the output signal is taken from the output of the amplifier and is combined with the normal input signal and thereby the feedback is achieved. If the signal feedback is aid the input signal, then it is said to positive feedback and if it is opposing, it is said to be the negative feedback. Positive feedback is used in oscillators and negative feedback is used wherever the gain has to be stabilized, bandwidth is to be increased and distortion has to be reduced.

There are four types of negative feedback amplifiers depending the input signal and output signal that is feedback. Voltage- series feedback 2.

Voltage-shunt feedback 3. Current-series feedback 4. Current-shunt feedback Voltage-Series Feedback Amplifier: In this case, the part of the output voltage for the amplifier is feedback, which is in series opposition with input. This reduces the gain, but stabilizes it. Also the input impedance and bandwidth increases and output impedance decreases. Of ECE Page 42. AEC LAB MANUAL CIRCUIT DIAGRAM Fig: Voltage Series amplifier without feedback Fig: Voltage Series amplifier with feedback Dept.

Of ECE Page 43. AEC LAB MANUAL Amplifier design: It remains same as given for RC-coupled amplifier. Here β = = =, called as feedback factor. Select RE = 390Ω; RE11 = 100Ω; RF = 10KΩ PROCUDURE: 1.

Connect the circuit as shown in the figure. Set the signal generator amplitude to 10mV peak to peak sine waveform and observe the input and output signals of the circuit simultaneously on the CRO/DSO. By varying the frequency of the input from 100Hz to 2MHz range correspondingly note down the output voltage.

Plot the gain in dB against frequency in a semi log graph sheet. From the graph determine the bandwidth. Repeat the same procedure for with feedback case also. Calculate the input and output impedance in both the cases. TABULAR COLUMN F in Hz VO(P-P) in V AV = Voltage gain in dB = 10log10AV Dept.

Of ECE Page 44. AEC LAB MANUAL RESULT: Gain AV without Feedback Gain AV with Feedback Bandwidth without Feedback Bandwidth with Feedback Input impedance Zi without feedback Input impedance Zi with feedback Output impedance ZO without feedback Output impedance ZO with feedback Dept. Of ECE Page 45. AEC LAB MANUAL THEVENIN’S AND MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM AIM: To verify Theveinin’s theorem. COMPONENTS REQUIRED: Sl.

No Components Range Quantity 1 Resistors 1K 4 2 DC variable Power supply (0-30) V 1 3 Multimeter - 1 4 Connecting Wires - 1 Set 5 DRB - 1 THEVENIN’S THEOREM: Statement: “Any linear, bilateral network containing energy sources and impedances can be replaced with equivalent circuit consisting of a Voltage Source in series with Impedance”. THEORY: M Leon Thevenin a French engineer in 1863 developed the most important theorem of all network theorems. Using Thevenin’s theorem any complex network can be replaced by a simple equivalent circuit. The new simple single loop equivalent circuit enables us to make rapid calculations of the current, voltage and power delivered to the load by the original network. It also helps us to find the best value of load resistance needed for a particular application. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: Given complex circuit Fig.

(1) Measure the voltage across Load Resistance RL, i.e. Across A and B and call that voltage as V1. Of ECE, KSSEM Page 46.

AEC LAB MANUAL Step 1: Equivalent Circuit to find VTH by opening Load Resistance RL across A and B Fig. (2) Measure the voltage across A and B and call that voltage as VTH. VTH =V. Step 2: Equivalent Circuit to find RTH by removing RL across A and B and shorting the supply voltage. (3) Measure the Resistance across A and B and call that Resistance as RTH.

Step3: Thevenin’s Equivalent circuit Fig. Of ECE, KSSEM Page 47. AEC LAB MANUAL Measure the voltage across A and B and call that voltage as V2. If the voltage,V1 = V2, then Thevinin’s theorem is verified. THEORETICAL CALCULATION: VTH= RTH = +R2 PROCEDURE: 1. Connections are made as shown in fig. Keep the voltage knobs at minimum position and Current knobs at Maximum position and then switch on the power supply and adjust the voltage to say 5 Volts.

Measure the voltage across RL and note down as V1 from fig. To measure VTH, Open circuits the load resistor RL as shown in fig. (2), measure the voltage across terminal A and B, call that voltage as VTH. To find the Thevinin’s impedance (RTH) measure the resistance between the terminals A and B after shorting the supply voltage as shown in fig. Thevinin’s equivalent circuit connections are made by setting supply voltage to VTH and decade resistance box to RTH and connect back the load resistor RL across A and B as shown in Fig.

Now measure the Voltage across load resistor RL with respect to Thevinin’s equivalent circuit. Verify the voltages V1 and V2. RESULT: Voltage across the load resistor RL with respect to complex circuit = V. Voltage across the load resistor RL with respect to Thevinin’s equivalent circuit = V. Of ECE, KSSEM Page 48.

AEC LAB MANUAL MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM AIM: To verify maximum power transfer theorem. COMPONENTS REQUIRED: Sl No Components Range Quantity 1 Resistors 1.5 K 1 2 DC variable Power supply (0-30) V 1 3 Multimeter - 1 4 Connecting Wires - 1 Set 5 DRB - 1 MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM: Statement: Maximum power is delivered from a network to a load when the load resistance is equal to the Thevenin’s resistance of the network. THEORY: In many practical applications a circuit is designed to supply power to the load. For example in communication systems, antennas supply power to receivers, audio amplifiers supply power to load speakers, transmitters supply power to loads. Maximum power transfer theorem plays an important role in matching circuit’s loads. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: Given complex circuit Fig. (1): Complex Network Dept.

Of ECE, KSSEM Page 49. AEC LAB MANUAL Thevinin’s Equivalent circuit Fig. (2): Thevinin’s Network THEORITICAL CALCULATION: VTH = = 5V RTH = = 500Ω PROCEDURE: 1. The resistance value in DRB is varied and the Voltage is noted down.

Connections are made as shown in the figure. The power P is calculated using P= V2/RL.

A graph of load resistance Vs Power is plotted. The maximum power occurs when RL = RS. POWER Vs LOAD RESISTANCE CURVE: P Fig (3): Graph of Power v/s RL Dept. Of ECE, KSSEM Page 50. AEC LAB MANUAL TABULAR COLUMN RL in Ω VO in Volts P = V2/RL (mW) 100 Ω. 1K Ω RESULT: Dept. Of ECE, KSSEM Page 51.

AEC LAB MANUAL CHARACTERISTICS OF RESONANT CIRCUITS AIM: To obtain the frequency response of RLC series and parallel resonant circuits and hence to determine bandwidth and Q-factor. COMPONENTS REQUIRED: Sl.No Components Range Quantity 1 Resistors 1KΩ 1 2 DSO - 1 3 Decade Capacitance Box - 1 4 Decade Inductance Box - 1 5 Function Generator - 1 6 Connecting wires - 1 set. THEORY: In a circuit containing capacitive and inductive components, the impedance of the circuit varies as the applied voltage’s frequency is varied. At one point of frequency, the impedance offered by the circuit will be purely resistive and so the current in the circuit and applied voltage will be in phase.

This phenomenon is called resonance and the frequency which causes resonance is called resonant frequency. SERIES RESONANCE CIRCUIT: Dept.

Of ECE, KSSEM Page 52. AEC LAB MANUAL DESIGN: fo = √ Let fo = 800Hz Assume R = 1KΩ C = 0.1μF Calculate L value L = 395.7mH PROCEDURE: 1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram. AC supply is switched on.

Input voltage is adjusted to 10VP-P. The frequency is gradually varied from 100Hz to 2KHz. Different values of ‘f’ using DSO and voltage is noted down. The results are tabulated in the tabular column. Frequency response i.e a graph of frequency Vs current is drawn. From the graph, resonant frequency fO is noted down at which current is maximum. Lower half frequency and upper half frequency are noted down corresponding to a current of IO/√.

Bandwidth = f2 – f1 = Hz. Q-factor = f2/(f2-f1). TABULAR COLUMN Frequency in Hz Output Voltage VO (V) Dept. Of ECE, KSSEM Page 53. AEC LAB MANUAL FREQUENCY RESPONSE CURVE VO (V) F (Hz) Fig: Graph of Voltage Vs Frequency RESULT: Resonant Frequency = Bandwidth = Upper and lower half frequencies = Q-factor = Dept.

Of ECE, KSSEM Page 54. AEC LAB MANUAL PARALLEL RESONANCE CIRCUIT:: DESIGN: fo = √ Let fo = 800Hz Assume R = 1KΩ C = 0.1μF Calculate L value L = 395.7mH PROCEDURE: 1.

Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram. AC supply is switched on. Input voltage is adjusted to 10VP-P. The frequency is gradually varied from 100Hz to 2KHz. Different values of ‘f’ using DSO and voltage is noted down.

The results are tabulated in the tabular column. Frequency response i.e a graph of frequency Vs current is drawn. From the graph, resonant frequency fO is noted down at which current is maximum. Lower half frequency and upper half frequency are noted down corresponding to a current of IO/√. Bandwidth = f2 – f1 = Hz. Q-factor = f2/(f2-f1).

Of ECE, KSSEM Page 55. AEC LAB MANUAL TABULAR COLUMN Frequency in Hz Output Voltage VO (V) FREQUENCY RESPONSE CURVE: VO(V) F(Hz) Fig: Graph of Voltage Vs Frequency Dept. Of ECE, KSSEM Page 56. AEC LAB MANUAL RESULT: Resonant Frequency = Bandwidth = Upper and lower half frequencies = Q-factor = Dept. Of ECE, KSSEM Page 57.

AEC LAB MANUAL BJT DARLINGTON EMITTER FOLLOWER AIM: Wiring of BJT Darlington emitter follower with and without Bootstrapping and determination of the gain, input impedance and output impedance. COMPONENTS REQUIRED: Sl.No Components Range Quantity 1 Resistors 1K, 220K, 330K, 4.7K 1 2 Capacitors 0.47μF 2 3 Transistor SL-100 2 4 D.C Variable Power supply (0-30)V 1 5 Multimeter - 1 6 Connecting Wires - 1set 7 Decade Resistance box - 1 THEORY: In emitter follower, an input signal is applied to the base and the output is taken across the emitter. The emitter follower has reasonably high input impedance and may be used whenever impedance up to about 500K is needed. For higher input impedance, we may use two transistors to form Darlington pair. The output voltage is always less than the input voltage due to drop between the base and emitter. However, the voltage gain is approximately unity. In addition the output voltage is in phase with the input voltage.

Hence it is said to follow the input voltage with an in phase relationship. This accounts for the terminology ’Emitter Follower’. The collector is at ac ground; therefore the circuit is actually common collector amplifier. This circuit presents high input impedance at the input and low output impedance at the output. It is therefore frequently used for impedance matching purposes, where load impedance is matched to source impedance for maximum signal transfer. The Darlington connection shown is a connection of two transistors which results in a current gain that is the product of the current gains of the individual transistors.

Hence the Darlington pair operates as one ‘Super Beta Transistor’ offering a very high current gain. The Darlington Emitter follower is a CC configuration but has the following characteristics. Voltage Gain = Almost Unity Current Gain = Very High, a few thousands Input Impedance = High, hundreds of KΩ Output Impedance = Low, tens of Ohms Dept. Of ECE, KSSEM Page 58. AEC LAB MANUAL Bootstrapped Emitter Follower: To overcome the decrease in the input impedance due to the biasing resistors, the input circuit of fig.1 is modified by the addition of the resistor R3 and capacitor in between R1 and R2 as shown in fig.2. The capacitance is chosen large enough to act as a short circuit at the lowest frequency of operation. Hence the bottom of R3 is effectively connected to output and the top of R3 is at the input.

Using the concept of Miller’s theorem, the biasing arrangement R1, R2, R3 represents the input impedance of R3/(1-AV), which is very very high as AV is almost equal to 1. The term bootstrapping arises from the fact that, if one end of the resistor of R3 changes in voltage, the other end of R3 moves through the same potential difference, it is as if R3 is pulling itself by its bootstraps. The output impedance in this case will be almost equal to that of Darlington circuit DESIGN: Let Q-point = (VCE2, IC2) = (5V, 5mA) Let VCC = 2 VCE2 = 10V RE = = = = RE = 1KΩ. Consider β1 = β2 = β = 50.

IB2 = IE1 = = 0.1mA Therefore, IB1 = = = = 0.002mA. Applying KVL to B-E loop V2 = 0.6V + 0.6V + 5V = 6.2V R2 = = = 344KΩ. Select 330KΩ R1 = = = 190KΩ. Select 220KΩ Dept. Of ECE, KSSEM Page 59.

AEC LAB MANUAL CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: Fig: Darlington Emitter follower without bootstrap Fig: Darlington Emitter follower with bootstrap Dept. Of ECE, KSSEM Page 60. AEC LAB MANUAL PROCEDURE: 1. Place the components on the bread/spring board as shown in the figure.

Connect the signal generator and apply a sine wave of peak-to-peak amplitude 1V, 1KHz. Connect the input and output of the circuit to the two channels of the CRO and observe the waveforms. Gradually increase the input signal until the signal gets distorted. When this happens slightly reduce the input signal amplitude such that output is maximum undistorted signal. Then measure the amplitude of the input and output waveform. Calculate the voltage gain. Connect input and output of the circuit to the two channels of the CRO/DSO and observe the waveforms.

Note down the corresponding waveform on the graph. Find the input and output impedance per given procedure. Connect the bootstrap circuit and make the necessary changes as per figure. Find the input and output impedance with this circuit. Input Impedance Zi 1.

Adjust the input signal peak-peak in such that the output sine wave is not clipped. Note down this value of the input Vin.(Let the frequency of the input signal be around 2KHz) 3. Note down the peak-peak amplitude of the corresponding output VO. Connect a DRB (with zero resistance) in series with the function generator. Increase the resistance in DRB and observe the magnitude of the output VO simultaneously on the CRO/DSO. When the magnitude of the output VO is reduced to half of its original value, stop varying the potentiometer further and remove the DRB from the circuit. Measure the value of resistance in DRB and this is measured value will be the input impedance of the circuit.

Of ECE, KSSEM Page 61. AEC LAB MANUAL Output Impedance ZO 1. Adjust the input signal peak-peak in such that the output sine wave is not clipped. Note down this value of the input Vin.

Note down the peak-peak amplitude of the corresponding output VO. Connect a DRB (with maximum resistance) in parallel with the load. When the magnitude of the output VO is reduced to half of its original value, stop varying the potentiometer further and remove the DRB from the circuit.

Measure the value of resistance in DRB and this is measured value will be the output impedance of the circuit. RESULT: Parameters AV = (VO/Vi) Zi ZO Without Bootstrap With Bootstrap Dept. Of ECE, KSSEM Page 62.

AEC LAB MANUAL TRANSFORMER-LESS CLASS B PUSH-PULL POWER AMPLIFIER AIM: Testing of a transformer less class-B push pull power amplifier and determination of its conversion efficiency. COMPONENTS REQUIRED: Sl.No Components Range Quantity 1 Transistors SL-100, SK-100 1 2 Resistors 270Ω 2 3 Variable power supply (0-30)V 1 4 Function Generator - 1 5 DSO - 1 6 Decade Resistance box - 1 7 Connecting Wires - 1set THEORY: Push-pull amplifier is basically a class B amplifier, in which a transistor conducts for a half cycle. For complete conduction, such an amplifier uses two transistors. The arrangement of transistors is called complementary circuit. During the positive half of the input signal, the NPN transistor conducts and during negative half of the input signal PNP transistor conducts. The transistor conducts only if the input voltage across the threshold voltage of 0.7V. This is because input itself biases the transistors.

During this interval, no transistors conducts or output is zero. This causes a distortion called crossover distortion. If the peak load-voltage equals the supply voltage, maximum efficiency occurs and the value is 78.5%. The main disadvantage is it uses two power supply and distortion itself. Of ECE, KSSEM Page 63.

AEC LAB MANUAL CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: Fig. (1) PROCEDURE: 1. Place the components on the spring board and connect them as shown in the fig.(1). Connect one channel of the CRO to input signal and connect second channel to the output. Keep frequency of the function generator around 1KHz and increase the amplitude around 10V and observe the input and output waveforms.

Observe the crossover distortion. Gradually increase the input signal until the output signal gets distorted. When this happens slightly reduce the input signal amplitude such that output is maximum undistorted signal. Note down the Peak value of the output waveform and VCC. Calculate the efficiency using the equation% efficiency =. Of ECE, KSSEM Page 64. AEC LAB MANUAL TABULAR COLUMN: RL in KΩ%Efficiency 1KΩ.

10KΩ RESULT: The efficiency of the class B power amplifier for different load resistance is verified. Of ECE, KSSEM Page 65. AEC LAB MANUAL BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. “Electronic devices and circuit theory”, Robert L.Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky. “Integrated electronics”, Jacob Millman and Christos C Halkias. “Electronic devices and circuits”, David A.

“Electronic devices and circuits”, G.K.Mittal. Of ECE, KSSEM Page 66. AEC LAB MANUAL VIVA-VOCE QUESTIONS 1. What are conductors, insulators, and semi-conductors? Name different types of semiconductors.

What are intrinsic semiconductors and extrinsic semiconductors? How do you get P-wpe and N-type semiconductors? What is doping? Name different levels of doping. Name different types of Dopants. What do you understand by Donor and acceptor atoms? What is the other name for p-type and N-type semiconductors?

What are majority carriers and minority carriers? What is the effect of temperature on semiconductors? What is drift current?.

What is depletion region or space charge region? What is junction potential or potential barrier in PN junctioI).? What is a diode? Name different types of diodes and name its applications 15. What is biasing? Name different types w.r.t. Diode biasing 16.

How does a diode behave in its forward and reverse biased conditions? What is static and dyriantic resistance of diode? Why the current in the foard biased diode takes exponential path?

What do you understand 1?y AvaJanche breakdown and zener breakdown? Why diode is called unidirectional device. What is PIV of a diode 22.

What is knee voltage or cut-in voltage? What do you mean by transition capacitance or space charge capacitor? What do you mean by diffusion capacitance or storage capacitance? What is a transistor? Why is it called so?. Name different types, of transistors?

Name different configurations in which the transistor is operated 28. Mention the applications of transistor. Explain how transistor is used as switch 29. What is transistor biasing? Why is it necessary? What are the three different regions in which the transistor works?

Why trmisistor is called current controlled device? Why it is called so? What are the parameters ofFET? What are the characteristics of FET? Why FET is known as voltage controlled device? What are the differences between BJT and FET? Mention applications ofFET.

What is pinch offvQltage, VGS(ofJ) and lDss 38. What is an amplifier? What is the need for an amplifier circuit?

How do you classify amplifiers?, 40. What is faithful amplification?

How do you achieve this? What is coupling? Name different type.s of coupling 42. What is operating point or quiescent point? What do you mean by frequency response of an amplifier?

What are gain, Bandwidth, lower cutoff frequency and upper cutoff frequency? What is the figure of merit of an amplifier circuit? Of ECE, KSSEM Page 67. AEC LAB MANUAL 46. What are the advantages of RC coupled amplifier? Why a 3db point is taken to calculate Bandwidth?

What is semi-log graph sheet? Why it is used to plot frequency response?

How do you test a diode, transistor, FET? How do you identify the tenninals of Diode, Transistor& FET? Mention the type number of the devices used in your lab. Describe the operation ofNPN transistor.

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Define reverse saturation current. Explain Doping w.r.t. Three regions of transistor 53. Explain the terms hie/hib, hoelhob, hre/hrb, hre/hfb. Explain thermal run.taway.

How it can'be prevented. Define FET parameters and write the relation between them. What are Drain Characteristics and transfer characteristics? Explain the construction and working of FET 58. What is feedback?

Name different types. What is the effect of negative feedback on the characteristics of an amplifier? Why common collector amplifier is known as emitter follower circuit? What is the application of emitter follower ckt? What is cascading and cascoding? Why do you cascade the amplifier ckts.?

How do you determine the value of capacitor? Write down the diode current equation. Write symbols of various passive and active components 66. How do you determine thvalue of resistor by colour code method? What is tolerance and power rating of resistor? Name different types of resistors. How do you c1assify resistors?

Name different types of capacitors. What are clipping circuits? Classify them. Mention the application of clipping circuits. What are clamping circuits? Classify them 74. What is the other name of clamping circuits?

Mention the applications of clamping circuits. 'What is Darlington emitter follower circuit? Can we increase the number of transistors in Darlington emitter follower circuit? Justify your answer. What is the different between Darlington emitter follower circuit & Voltage follower circuit using Op-Amp. Which is better.

Name different types of Emitter follower circuits. What is an Oscillator? Classify them. What ar The Blocks, which fonns an Oscillator circuits? What are damped & Un-damped Oscillations? What are Barkhausen's criteria? What type of oscillator has got frequency stability?

What is the disadvantage of Hartley & Colpiit's Oscillator? Why RC tank Circuit Oscillator is used for AF range? Why LC tank Circuit Oscillator is used for RF range? What type of feedback is used in Oscillator circuit?

In a Transistor type No. SL 100 and in Diode BY 127, what does SL and BY stands Dept. Of ECE, KSSEM Page 68. AEC LAB MANUAL for 90. Classify Amplifiers based on: operating point selection.

What is the efficiency of Class B push pull amplifier? What is the drawback of Class B Push pull Amplifier? How it is eliminated. What is the advantage of having complimentary symmetry push pull amplifier? What is Bootstrapping? What is the advantage of bootstrapping? State Thevenin's Theorem and Max.power transfer theorem.

What is the figure of merit of resonance circuit? What is the application of resonant circuit?

What is a rectifier? What is the efficiency of half wave and full wave rectifier? What is the advantage of Bridge rectifier of Centre tapped type FWR 101. What is the disadvantage of Bridge rectifier? What is a filter? Name different types of filter ckts. Which type of filter is used in day to day application and why?

What is ripple and ripple factor?. What is the theoretical value of ripple for Half Wave and.Full wave rectifier? What is need for rectifier ckts. Why a step down transformer is used at the input of Rectifier ckt. What is TUF?. What is regulation w.r.t rectifier? And how it is calculated?

What is figure of merit of Rectifier ckt. Of ECE, KSSEM Page 69. AEC LAB MANUAL QUESTION BANK ANALOG ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS LAB (10ESL37) 1. A) Design a positive clamping circuit for a given reference voltage of Vref=+2v. B) Design a negative clamping circuit for a given reference voltage ofVref= -2v.

Conduct a suitable experiment to shift the given reference voltage waveform by 4v a) Above the reference waveform b) Below the reference waveform 3. Design and rig up suitable circuits to shift the given reference sinusoidal input voltage waveform as shown in the fig. Vo V0 0 t -1.5 -6.5 2.5 -11.5 0 t -2.5 4. Design and rig up suitable circuits for the following transfer function as shown in the fig. For a sinusoidal/triangular input.(any two to be specified) Dept.

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Of ECE, KSSEM Page 70. AEC LAB MANUAL 5. Design a suitable circuit to clip the reference voltage waveform at two different levels. Also obtain its transfer characteristics. Rig up a suitable circuit for A) Diode positive peak clipping.

B) Diode negative peak clipping. Conduct an experiment to determine the gain v/s frequency response, input and output impedances for a RC coupled single stage BJT amplifier. Conduct an experiment to determine gain, input and output impedances for a Darlington emitter follower circuit with and without bootstrap. Conduct an experiment to obtain a relationship between the bandwidths for a voltage series feedback circuit with and without feedback. Design the LC oscillator circuits to generate frequency of oscillations at f=100 khz Using BJT. Of ECE, KSSEM Page 71.

AEC LAB MANUAL 11. Design and rig up Hartley and colpitts oscillator circuits for a given frequency using BJT. Conduct an experiment to generate the given frequency of an oscillation. (type of the oscillator to be specified). Conduct a suitable experiment to introduce a phase shift of 1800 at an audio frequency Range. Conduct a suitable experiment to produce sinusoidal oscillations using RC phase shift network. Conduct a suitable experiment to determine the frequency of oscillations of a given crystal.

Determine ripple factor, regulation and efficiency of Half wave Rectifier Circuit with and Without Capacitor filter. Determine ripple factor, regulation and efficiency of center tapped Full wave Rectifier Circuit with and Without Capacitor filter. Of ECE, KSSEM Page 72. AEC LAB MANUAL 18. Determine ripple factor, regulation and efficiency of Bridge Rectifier Circuit with and Without Capacitor filter. Conduct an experiment to verify Thevenin’s Theorem and Maximum Power Transfer theorem. Rig up suitable circuit to determine the Characteristics of Series and Parallel resonant circuits 21.

Rig up suitable circuit to determine the Characteristics of RLC circuits. Of ECE, KSSEM Page 73. 1N5221B - 1N5263B — Zener Diodes July 2013 1N5221B - 1N5263B Zener Diodes Tolerance = 5% DO-35 Glass case COLOR BAND DENOTES CATHODE Absolute Maximum Ratings Stresses exceeding the absolute maximum ratings may damage the device. The device may not function or be opera-ble above the recommended operating conditions and stressing the parts to these levels is not recommended.

In addi-tion, extended exposure to stresses above the recommended operating conditions may affect device reliability. The absolute maximum ratings are stress ratings only. Values are at TA = 25°C unless otherwise noted. Symbol Parameter Value Units PD Power Dissipation 500 mW Derate above 50°C 4.0 mW°C TSTG Storage Temperature Range -65 to +200 °C TJ Operating Junction Temperature Range -65 to +200 °C Lead Temperature (1/16 inch from case for 10 s) +230 °C Note: 1. These ratings are limiting values above which the serviceability of any semiconductor device may be impaired. Non-recurrent square wave Pulse Width = 8.3 ms, TA = 50°C © 2007 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation www.fairchildsemi.com 1N5221B - 1N5263B Rev.

1.2.0 1. 1N5221B - 1N5263B — Zener Diodes Electrical Characteristics Values are at TA = 25°C unless otherwise noted.